APA Research Paper Format Examples

APA Research Paper Format ExamplesFor those who want to prepare a research paper but are not sure what format to use, there are several APA research paper format examples that can help you get started. If you have spent any time researching your chosen subject, you will have heard about APA or American Psychological Association research papers. These are amongst the most well-known types of papers you can expect to see when you visit any college or university.The main difference between these types of research papers and many others is that there is no introduction or conclusion. Instead, they simply provide a summary of the main points of your chosen topic. Your subject is simply stated as 'The study of...' and the reader is then encouraged to read on to find out more.Here are some examples of formats for you to consider. Using a computer-based APA research paper format can make it easier for you to turn your research findings into an easily readable text. Using this format will req uire a bit of thought and a lot of work to ensure that it is something that is clear, concise and easy to understand. The best way to do this is to read through the format examples and compare them to one another.One advantage of using the computer-based format in your research paper is that it is generally easier to re-type as opposed to paper. You might think that you can't find the exact spelling you need in your word processor, but with this format, you can use a spell checker. You will also be able to use an auto-fill tool which will allow you to enter information from a table of contents, your introductory paragraph and other forms that you might need.A research paper that uses this format uses the initials of the author as its title. Each member of the team is given their own abbreviation as a means of branding each of them individually. Because the method of writing the paper is done online, your readers will get a sense of who you are working with.The next two format exampl es will also require you to make a bit of thought before using. In this case, the introduction to the paper is done at the start of the paper and there are several paragraphs that detail your research process. One advantage of doing this method of introduction is that it makes it easier for the reader to identify their roles.Another way to go is to use the title to make it more clear that you are introducing yourself to the reader and thanking them for their time and/or willingness to participate in your author's work. You might consider asking them to write a few sentences in support of your work. This is also a good way to help them feel that you are their mentor and that you are aware of their needs and concerns.The final format examples is the outline for your paper. In this example, you are allowed to use a wide range of text throughout the paper but you are expected to stick to your topic. You can use the table of contents to give a brief overview of the main points of your to pic and then move onto the main part of the paper - the writing itself.

Current Event Essay Topics

Current Event Essay TopicsLast year, the vast majority of current event essay topics for college entrance exams were already covered by previous students or their classmates. This is not the case this year. Most of the new topics are completely new, leaving some current events to be left.Some old topics in the highest level classes have been abandoned due to falling grades. Some are abandoned for 'lack of relevance'. Most of the current events are left to be discussed by the students themselves as they improve their writing skills and begin to get used to writing of their own, and many have indeed been accepted.The good news is that some topics have good chances of being accepted and may even be needed to pass. Topics that appeal to the students most are often accepted to be included in the essay or as a midterm exam. Students will need to analyze and determine whether a certain topic has enough ability to stand on its own without the help of the other topics that are still being dis cussed.If you're unsure if a topic is suitable for your current event, start with different sources to get suggestions and opinions. Ask your classmates if they would be willing to give you input on a topic you want to write about. If you don't have any friends who would want to help you out, you can look up some online discussion boards.If you want to know what the student's personality likes and dislikes, you may consider asking them directly or indirectly. The students will feel more comfortable talking openly about their own experiences and preferences rather than hiding behind a pseudonym. Although it is possible to identify your own personal opinions through the facts and figures of your topic, the secret source of wisdom you will get from the students will make the topic more interesting.Event essay topics will often reflect the current popularity of an event, whether itbe a movie, television show, sports event, celebrity, music or even a political party. If you happen to lik e such a show or event, you may want to write about it.If you are one of the few people who was not part of the very first college year and was only able to take the freshman class, you are the one who will be able to say if you were actually able to write well in an academic essay in freshman and if you failed in the sophomore class. If you decide to include any other information regarding the times you failed in your essay topic, you will be able to test yourself further.

Questions On Online Internet Marketing Essay - 1480 Words

a. Rivalry (Among Competing Sellers) CyberGold, NetCentives, and MyPoints are the three main online Internet marketing firm. All the competitors offer similar services and products. Competition is based on a non-price dimension like marketing, brand, and search technology. Competitive rivalry is high as the cost of switching firm is low. Because this is relatively new business, there are growth opportunities for economic of scale in advertising. (Gamble Thompson, 2013) b. Threat of New Entrance Online Internet marketing has a low barrier to entry. Since the barrier is low, new entries should be able to offer more incentives, lower marketing cost, and innovative new ideas to market the advertiser products and service. The threat of new entrants is high because online advertising is relative at its early stages and few online Internet marketing firm has set itself apart from its competitor. (Gamble Thompson, 2013) c. Threat of Substitute Products The threat of substitute in the industry is weak. In term of mass marketing, the Internet can reach far more people in every corner of the world. The market is still growing as more users are coming online and new and improve technologies are improving the median we utilize to access the net. Online advertising allows marketers to tailor the company’s product and services to a select market vice mass marketing. It provides benefits, cost saving, and flexibility that you can’t get from television, radio, or newspaper. (Gamble Show MoreRelatedOnline Advertising Methods For Advertising1719 Words   |  7 Pages Online Advertising Methods Background Every day, marketing professional come up with new ways in which they can market their products to consumers successfully. Marketing of products has significantly changed following the invention of the internet. The enormous popularity of the internet in the past decade has opened doors for marketers in a manner that one could not have imagined twenty years ago. Marketers utilize the internet for the purpose of advertising products in a great way than otherRead MoreUsing Internet As A Marketing Tool Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently using various online platforms to promote and marketing their products. With the advancement of technology and increased access of the internet by people, the business have taken the opportunity to reach their potential customers through the internet. There are various advantages that accrue to a business entity that uses internet as a marketing tool. The internet marketing has tremendously increased and the businesses that have not embraced inte rnet marketing are missing out on greatRead MoreOnline Marketing Strategy For One s Marketing And Corporation Budget1266 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Online marketing has grown into one of the most popular marketing channels in the world today. Many organizations, from the smallest SMEs to the largest sized firms have implemented or are in the process of implementing online marketing strategies. However, there is still a large number of organizations that despite the recent trends, have not adapted or fully embraced the online marketing trend. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various trends in the implementation of online marketingRead MoreCommunication Is The Science Of Communication1066 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is important to strive in life, as well as, in integrated marketing communication. Human communication is described as having the creativity to contribute instead of the information. Creativity can help by making more efficiently with less. In a way, an individual has a collection of discoveries at their disposal (Downs, 1298). Mass communication plays a role in design. Moreover, mass communicati on and its activities are influenced by cybernetics. Cybernetics is the science of communicationRead MoreThe Role of Internet Marketing within the a Modern Marketing Context1015 Words   |  5 Pages3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6â€Æ' Solution of Task 1 Describe the role of internet marketing has within a modern marketing context. (P1) Marketing is the method of communicating that the price of a goods or services to customer, for expected selling. It is the communicating method between a society’s demandable materials and economic pattern in exchanging money. Product, Price, Place and Promotion known as 4Ps and marketing mix. These are the base of marketing. which is development product and distribute to differentRead MoreMarketing Analysis : The Soap Market1448 Words   |  6 Pages INTERNET MARKETING (TASK 3-4) Image Task 3 When someone starts a new business or expands existing business, there is need for market research to make stronger and better decisions and improve chances of success. There are two type of research; secondary market research and primary market research. 3.1 Conduct secondary market research The soap market in United Kingdom has been protected from the worst recession cutbacks but unfortunately the situation is not appreciableRead MoreHow Internet Affects The Current Market1575 Words   |  7 PagesInternet, the most popular word in the twenty first century. It is leading a digital revolution which changes the world. Those changes affect not only basic lifestyles but also the business world. Some users realize that the internet is an important approach to daily communication. However, others view it as a brand new marketing channel, which spreads awareness about promoting their products and services. â€Å"With revenues of about $1.59 trillion a year and growing, the internet is the best place forRead MoreIndia s The Internet Of India Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages ï  ¶ Indian Scenario The number of Internet users in India is well over 200 million according to a report by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB International. The report further finds that more than 50 percent of the urban internet users access internet daily. 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However, after its privatization came an explosion that was mainly directed at internet marketing. By 2013 it had led to internet being integral to marketing. With it the four giants of internet marketing came into being. The four giants ruled the four sectors of the internet marketing. Google dominated online advertising, Amazon online retailing, Facebook social networking and Apple the making of interface devices which defined peoples digital

Multimodality in Clouds over Sidra

Question: Discuss about theMultimodality in Clouds over Sidra. Answer: Introduction: Multimodality is defined as the relationship shared between communication and representation which goes beyond the realm of language. With changes in society, new technologies and media, addressing communication have evolved over the years. It has indeed become crucial for practice, teaching and researching in practical and academic areas. For such analysis a variety of methodologies, frameworks and techniques have been evolved (Machin 2016). In recent years communication using messages and texts, problems arising from using semiotic resources, interacting with each other and with language. For instance, sound design and cinematographic and production resources, page layout and image text, aural and visual art, dress, proxemics, gaze, and gesture have led to some necessary challenges. This essay focuses on the Virtual Reality film Clouds Over Sidra, told in a narrative fashion to depict the journey of a young girl Sidra, to highlight the type of multimodality used. Multimodality on Clouds Over Sidra From Within (2016), the short video Clouds Over Sidra, produced by Aaron Koblin and Chris Milk in their production company VRSE, Sidra a 12-year-old girl from Syria, narrates her experience of her life living away from her home country. Throughout the video, she narrates to the audience describing each scene to the audience starting from her birth to her present life in a refugee camp in Jordan (Rethinked.org 2016). The short video which is a documentary has been presented in a 360-degree Virtual Reality (VR) video format and is around 8 minutes long. If the video had been a simple narrative format, it wouldn't have caused an immersive experience. 360-degree video format enables the viewer to directly interact with the video to see the full surrounding in a given scene, and VR format allows the viewer to directly view the three-dimensional spaces of the living characters. From Within (2016), a typical example of the scene is when she is watching television in a room; the audience can watch the television by sitting beside her, looking through a window. When the user sees down, the user finds himself or herself sitting on the same ground as that of her. This evokes emotion in a much deeper way than passively viewing the video. Journalists, storytellers, and producers will soon find themselves experiencing reality through immersive 360 videos. Biocca and Levy (2013) stated that Storytelling has evolved from text narration to a sensory experience. What it started from simple visual, sound was added later, and then came augmented and virtual reality which ultimately mixed with a sense of touch from wearables and other inputs. This creates a deeper narrative and theme (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). VR is a relatively new technological tool and is much more than just a video game peripheral. It connects a user to other humans who were unheard before in any form of media. It also changes the perception of each other. VR mode was also used for the first time to treat a cancer patient in Britain where people could see the live-stream of the surgery while finding themselves right in the operation theater (Meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu 2016). Kim et al. (2013) pointed out that this is a new mode of communication where a machine makes some more connected, empathetic and compassionate, and ultimately more human. For instance, one can experience the Colosseum as it was in 70 AD, or feel the plight of the day-to-day life of Syrian refugees in Jordan through the new technological mediums. They are still in their infancy but by 2020 it is predicted that one can witness a live event or a breaking news right from the spot where it is all happening. Karutz and Bailenson (2015) argued that liv e studio audience, documentary, and current affairs journalism will be presented this way. More and more stories can be experienced through the visually rich medium of 3d holographic AR projections, interactive VR spaces, where the environment can be mimicked to that of a virtual classroom, bedroom and living room. It will let a user move and interact with the objects for entertainment and education purposes once the gesture is introduced in the 3D mixed and virtual reality worlds. Emma-Ogbangwo et al. (2014), expressed concern that the current limitation preventing it from happening is the restriction of internet bandwidth and advanced video processing, that will create believable virtual worlds. Coleman.edu (2016) states Oculus Rift and HTC Live are some of the popular VR headset makers in the market right now. Digital experiences will undergo a breakthrough than just simple touch interactions and will be present in every medium (refer to Appendix 1). People will emulate their int eraction with the digital content like they do physically in the real world (Liu, Yin and Zhang 2012). Hardt (2007) stated that the Multimodal analysis comprises the analysis of all forms of communication. It particularly focuses on the text which includes the integration and interaction of various semiotic resources or modes of communication, to achieve the meaning of the text. The different resources interactive computing resources are software and digital media hardware). Technological products used like sound and image recording, architecture, writing, painting and carving (OHalloran and Smith 2012). Semiotic action and proxemics of other bodily resources are bodies, hand and face; and aspects of speech like vocal and intonation characteristics. Semiotic resources come with their constraints and affordances, both in combination and individually, analytical variations lie nature and terms of the media, scope, and detail of the analysis, and the difficulties arising from its implementation across media (Poria et al. 2015). For dealing with these challenges two major strategies can b e identified explore theory using analysis of text as both illustration and test of general principle discussions. The other strategy is to examine original texts and working on them before on to generalizations. The first method makes the theory problematic by not assuming, and most of the work is about integrating and comparing knowledge and practice from other different theoretical traditions (Benjamin 1970). Multimodal studies apply to the method when a person takes into consideration the vast range of academic and disciplinary traditions for the relevant multimodality. Theoretical generalization is usually applied in this way to explain various text types and texts, to illustrate and test, and derive from general principles (Burset, Bosch and Pujola 2016). Djonov and Zhao (2013) pointed out that analytical detail is of utmost importance in this approach, and the challenges of reproduction, analysis, transcription and accessing publication are quite apparent.. The film Clouds Over Sidra is in simple terms a short documentary film, and if released on a social video platform called Youtube or Facebook, would or would not have made much impact. The question then raised is how to create a short film that stands unique from the rest and can still tell a simple story to which the audience can relate emotionally (Kaiser 2016). To differentiate this movie from other works, the creators looked for a multimodal approach, which means to distribute the film (media) through many platforms like the with.in website, VR headset (modal) (Kiros, Salakhutdinov and Zemel 2014). To create the full multimodal experience, the film instead of having a video and someone else narrating, took a different approach. The narration is done by the same person the film is focused on, which makes use of the girls (Sidra) voice (media) to capture the audience. Hearing from a first-person perspective is more engrossing than hearing from a professional narrator (Taylor 2013). The directors Gabo Arora and Chris Malik took it a step further and implemented VR so that the audience can explore the scenery in each scene which creates an immersive effect. The voice, in particular, narrates every scene and being a 12-year-old young girl; the audience finds the voice more pleasing to hear and at the same time understand the emotions and feelings of the character by the tone used (Wall and Crevecoeur 2016). There are few scenes in the film where the voice complements the overall scene and helps make the scene much more impactful (Bateman 2013). For instance, at 0:52 (refer to Appendix 2) Sidra describes her shanty living place and her family while the viewer can explore the scene by rotating the video on the website or via VR and understand her living condition. From 3:16 to 4:13 (refer to Appendix 3 and 4), she describes the leisure habits of the Syrian men (Within 2016). This scene is commendable for the fact that unlike traditional films there is almost minim al to nil editing and cut-shots, and the viewer has fully fledged control of the scene to see what is going around (Ohanian and Phillips 2013). In the book Engagements with Narrative, the author Janine Utell describes the use of first-person narration in media create for a more autobiographical approach, and a form of direct communication with the viewers (refer Appendix 5) (Utell 2015). Conclusion The value and applications of multimodal text analysis are enormous. Understanding of multimodality is essential to the study of classroom education and discourse. The addition of new techniques and knowledge from multimodal semiotics science shows new methods to the study and development of computational science, and multimodal text analysis is crucial in a wide variety of fields. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality devices combined with haptic feedback of sensors from wearables and other input have created a new level of immersion to the storytelling and journalism, evoking a deeper feeling in the process and more connectedness among others. References Bateman, J.A., 2013. Multimodality and Film.The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Benjamin, W. 1970, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical reproduction, In H. Arendt W. Benjamin (eds), Illuminalions, Cape, pp.219-226. Biocca, F. and Levy, M.R. eds., 2013.Communication in the age of virtual reality. Routledge. Burset, S., Bosch, E. and Pujol, J.T., 2016. A study of multimodal discourse in the design of interactive digital material for language learning.New perspectives on teaching and working with languages in the digital era, p.163. Coleman.edu. (2016).Virtual Reality Comes to Coleman, Thanks to Mr. Jeep and Harvard University | Coleman University. [online] Available at: https://www.coleman.edu/blog/?p=1065 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Djonov, E. and Zhao, S., 2013.Critical multimodal studies of popular discourse. Routledge. Dunleavy, M. and Dede, C., 2014. Augmented reality teaching and learning. InHandbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Emma-Ogbangwo, C., Cope, N., Behringer, R. and Fabri, M., 2014, June. Enhancing user immersion and virtual presence in interactive multiuser virtual environments through the development and integration of a gesture-centric natural user interface developed from existing virtual reality technologies. InInternational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 410-414). Springer International Publishing. Hardt, M. 2007, Foreword: What affects are good for in Halley, J. Clough, C.P., The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social, Duke University Press, pp.9-13. Kaiser, A., 2016. Do Documentary Films Constitute A Social Science.Political Analysis,18(1), p.6. Karutz, C.O. and Bailenson, J.N., 2015. Immersive virtual environments and the classrooms of tomorrow.The handbook of the psychology of communication technology,32, p.290. Kim, M.J., Wang, X., Love, P.E.D., Li, H. and Kang, S.C., 2013. Virtual reality for the built environment: a critical review of recent advances. Journal of Information Technology in Construction,18(2), pp.279-305. Kiros, R., Salakhutdinov, R. and Zemel, R.S., 2014. Unifying visual-semantic embeddings with multimodal neural language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.2539. Liu, Y., Yin, Y. and Zhang, S., 2012, August. Hand gesture recognition based on HU moments in interaction of virtual reality. InIntelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), 2012 4th International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 145-148). IEEE. Machin, D., 2016.Introduction to multimodal analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. Meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu. (2016).Home | Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center. [online] Available at: https://meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2016]. Halloran, K.L. and Smith, B.A., 2012. Multimodal text analysis.The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Ohanian, T. and Phillips, N., 2013.Digital filmmaking: the changing art and craft of making motion pictures. CRC Press. Poria, S., Cambria, E., Hussain, A. and Huang, G.B., 2015. Towards an intelligent framework for multimodal affective data analysis.Neural Networks,63, pp.104-116. Rethinked.org. (2016).Technology | rethinked*. [online] Available at: https://rethinked.org/?cat=1083 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Taylor, L., 2013. Voice, body and the transmission of the real in documentary theatre.Contemporary Theatre Review,23(3), pp.368-379. Utell, J., 2015.Engagements with Narrative. Routledge. Wall, B. and Crevecoeur, Y., 2016.Narrator's Voice: The Dilemma Of Children's Fiction. Springer. Within. (2016).Clouds Over Sidra: A Virtual Reality (VR) film | With.in (360 video). [online] Available at: https://with.in/watch/clouds-over-sidra/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].

Of White Hairs and Cricket by Rohinton Mistry free essay sample

What does Manolin offer Santiago? He offers to return to Santiago after making some money with successful fishermen. 6. What plan did he announce to Manolin? He announces his plan to go far out in the sea the following day. 7. How was Santiago’s shack? It was furnished with only a bed, a table and chair. There was a place to cook. On the wall were two pictures, one of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the other of the Virgin Cobre, the patroness. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 20 8. What made Santiago feel lonely? What did he do for that? The photograph of his wife made him feel lonely. So he threw it down. 9. What was Santiago’s recurring dream about? It was of lions playing on the white beaches of Africa, a scene he saw from his ship when he was a very young man. 10. How does he consider the sea? He considers it as a woman whose wild behavior is beyond her control. We will write a custom essay sample on Of White Hairs and Cricket by Rohinton Mistry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 11. What objects does he observe while moving away from the shore? He observes flying fish pursued by dolphins, a diving, circling sea bird, Sargasso weed, the purple Portugese man of war, the small fish that swim among the jellyfish like creatures filaments. 12. How did Santiago know that a huge fish was pulling on the line? He saw the projecting stick that marks the top of the hundred fathom line dip sharply. 13. Why cannot Santiago increase the tension on the line? The line is too taut as the marlin is pulling the line. So it will break and the fish will get away. 14. How does he keep his strength after his hand being cut? He eats the tuna he caught the day before which he had expected to use as bait. 15. When does he declare that the marlin is great? What does he decide at that time? The fish leaps into the air and Santiago sees that it is bigger than any he has ever seen. It is two feet longer than the skiff itself. Santiago decides not to let the fish learn its own strength. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 21 16. What are his thoughts about baseball and other games? He thinks that the great DiMaggio plays brilliantly even though he had the pain of bone spur in his heel. He wonders if DiMaggio would stay with the marlin. To get more confidence, he recalls the great all-night arm-wrestling match he won as a young man. Having defeated the great Negro Cienfuegos, Santiago earned the title ‘The Champion’. 17. When did Santiago wish that the boy was with him when the marlin repeatedly jumps out of the water? Santiago is thrown into the bow of the skiff, face down in his dolphin meat. He tries to control the line with his back and hands. Then he wishes that Manolin was with him. 18. When does he feel ‘I do not care who kills who’? When the marlin begins to circle, riot against the line, battering the boat with its spear, Santiago feels faint and dizzy and sees black spots before his eyes. He thinks that the fish is killing him. 19. What does he feel after killing the marlin? He thinks about how much money he will be able to make from such a big fish. He also imagines that DiMaggio the famous baseball player would be proud of him. 0. What happens an hour after killing the marlin? Having smelled the marlin, blood, a mako shark comes. It hits the marlin and eats 50 pounds of its flesh. Santiago sinks the harpoon into its head and takes the weapon along with him. 21. How does he try to cheer himself? By saying that â€Å"a man can be destroyed but not defeated† he cheers h imself. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 22 22. Why does he believe that he violated his luck when he sailed too far out? When he finds that the flesh of the marlin is eaten by the sharks and only the bone with the head is left, he thinks thus. 23. According to Santiago what was the thing that defeated him? It was that he went too far into the sea. Paragraph Questions and Answers 1. Character Sketch of Santiago, the Hero of the novel Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea highlight Santiago as the main character. He is the ‘Old Man’ of the title. Santiago is a Cuban fisherman. He has been unlucky for a great span of time. For eighty four days, he has been unable to catch a fish. He is proud of his abilities even after this defeat. He is humble and has great knowledge of the sea and its creatures. He is talented in his craft. He has great hope even after the unlucky circumstance he faces. He always faces challenges in his life. The marlin is the greatest challenge he faces and fights for three days continuously. His victory over this fish brings out his spirit of adventure. 2. Character Sketch of Manolin Manolin is a minor character who appears in the beginning and at the end of the novel. His presence is very important since his devotion and love to Santiago reveals the Old Man’s value as an individual and a fisherman. Even though Santiago is a failure as fisherman, Manolin likes to go fishing with him. Manolin shows this love openly. He is eager about Santiago’s food and ther necessities. Manolin is a good companion to Santiago even though their ages differ greatly. His parents want him to go with other successful fishermen but Manolin is determined to come back to Santiago after earning money. At the end of this novel we find Manolin abandoning his father and going to Santiago. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 23 Essay Questions and A nswers 1. Bring out the symbolism implied in the struggle of the old man against the sea in the novel. The word symbolism came to be associated with Hemingway only after the appearance of the novel The Old Man and the Sea. In The Old Man and the Sea, we find that the symbolism of Hemingway has far deeper significance. Here also the story is only the small visible part built up by a series of parables and symbols. Hemingway himself has said, â€Å"I tried to make a real old man a real old man and a real boy, a real scene, a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and sure enough, they would mean many things. So apart from being a moving little story on fishing, the book could be read as personal parable and universal allegory†. Hemingway has taken many facts from his own life for this novel. Something of his character and personality is given to the hero of the novel. But in The Old Man and the Sea, the identification between the author and the hero is complete. In Santiago’s story the reader is to detect the struggles of Hemingway his confidence and his determination. Santiago goes for his work always with care and precision. He shows extraordinary courage. He represents Hemingway. They are similar in many ways. In spite of the extreme difficulties Santiago triumphs over the fish, even though finally he is defeated by the sharks. He is happy that he did not surrender to the marlin or the sea. For Hemingway Gulf Stream is time. The marlin which is hidden in the deep sea is truth hidden in the depth of time. Hemingway is trying to understand this truth like Santiago who tries to catch the marlin from the depth of the sea. We see Hemingway’s daring soul in Santiago’s determination to go far into the sea. The symbolism in the soul is not limited to personal level. The whole novel is underlined by a universal parable. It is the representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces. Victory is possible in this action. Santiago represents the great heroes of Greek tragedy fated to failure yet struggling nobly against the hatred of an adverse enemy. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 24 Santiago’s aspiration, personality and inevitable nature of his failure reminds us of those heroes. His words â€Å"man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed, but not defeated† reflects this comparison. In the novel there is an unmistakable Christian strain. Santiago fights the good fight, without caring for the reward. Towards the end of his struggle, he even says, â€Å"I don’t care who kills who†. Santiago is an example of the doctrine of Christian love. He has the fisherman apostle and martyr from the sea of Galilee in him. He has also something of St. Francis in him as he feels for the birds and fishes. The natural compassion he feels towards creatures is essentially a Christian virtue. He repeatedly mutters â€Å"Hail Mary† but we cannot take him as a religious person. Instead we can see the Christian Spirit in him. He shows certain qualities of mind and heart which are clearly related to the character and personality of Jesus Christ in the parables. Hemingway’s use of symbolism is so restrained that he cannot be categorised along with those who are usually labeled as symbolists. He uses symbolism with a strict restraint so as to work protect his realism. . Write a note on Hemingway’s style with special reference to ‘Old Man and the Sea’. â€Å"Use short sentences. Use short paragraph. Use vigorous English. Avoid the use of adjective especially such extravagant one ‘splendid’, ‘gorgeous’, ‘grand’, ‘magnificent’ etc†. Ernest Hemingway was very much indebted to these rules which demanded fresh language and economy. Even the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 came to Hemingway mostly because of his style – his mastery of the art of modern narration. The Old Man and the Sea is the best example of Hemingway’s splendid style. The most remarkable quality of the style of ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is its simple conversational tone. The fresh and simple, colloquial and unemotional style suited Hemingway’s objective narrative technique very well. The very beginning of the novel is informal, simple, forceful and relaxed, putting the reader immediately at ease. The simple style whichSchool of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 25 Hemingway has chosen has great appropriateness to this story of simple fisherman. Carefully chosen formal words would have been incongruous with the theme and setting which are simple too. In the simplest possible words Hemingway conveys the deepest feelings of the old man. Hemingway has practiced the strictest objectivity in writing. The author remains deliberately in the background, never thrusting himself forward. Though the story is one of much suffering, the descriptions never reach emotional heights. The author is just like a neutral onlooker and careful details kindle our imagination and tell the story themselves. The chief features of Hemingway’s style are objectivity, dramatic emphasis employing a terse dialogue, and terse sentences with little subordination. To achieve immediacy, Hemingway has used words sparingly, with a powerful suggestion of action and experience behind these words. Hemingway’s contribution to modern literature consists of employing the raw language of every day life in literature. The novel’s swift action and vivid style have contributed to its great success. In short, Hemingway’s style in ‘Old Man and the Sea’ fully reveals his involvement in writing the novel. Moreover he was able to keep up his style unflaggingly throughout the whole book. Suggested Questions 1. Give an account of the character of Santiago in Hemingway’s ‘The Old Man and the Sea’. 2. Ernest Hemingway as a realist. 3. The novel reflects the basic human qualities of comparison, courage and endurance. Justify (refer summary of the text. ) THE PHOENIX THE PHOENIX – Sylvia Townsend Introduction to the author Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978) was Qn English novelist, short story writer and biographer. Her first and best seller story is Lolly Willows. In 1940, she published The Cats Cradle Book. When she was 84 she published her last and most remarkable book, Kingdom of Elfin. Summary Lord Strawberry had the finest Aviary in Europe. All the apartments for birds like eagles, humming birds, snow buntings had a climate that suited them perfectly. But for many years the finest set of apartments meant for Phoenix remained empty. It carried the label â€Å"Phoenix : Habitat : Arabia†. Many scientists on birds told the Lord that Phoenix is a fabulous bird which is extinct. But the Lord did not belt. His family had always believed in Phoenixes. Meanwhile his agents reported of birds like orioles, macaws, turkey buzzards, dyed orange etc; saying that they were phoenix. They sent their statements along with the expense of it. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 27 Lord Strawberry himself went to Arabia, found a phoenix and brought it home. It was a remarkable fine bird than the other birds in the aviary. The Lord was much attached to it. Ornithologists, poets, journalists and millionaires were impressed by it. They constantly visited it. But the bird was not attracted by these attentions. All the time it ate well and seemed perfectly calm. Lord Strawberry lost his wealth in keeping this aviary. He died penniless. The aviary was left to be sold. Usually, with such a rare bird as the Phoenix, it would have been costly but it happened that the Lord died just after the World War Money and bird seed became hard things to come by. At first a fund called Strawberry Phoenix Fund, was opened by the London Zoo. To it students and naturalists contributed according to their ability. As their means were small, the fund raised was not high. So Lord Strawberry’s executors who had the death duties to consider accepted the offer of Mr. Tancred Polder, owner and proprietor of Poldero’s Wizard Wonderland. He considered his phoenix a bargain. It adapted itself to its new surroundings. It makes profits to Mr. Poldero until the crowds began to lose interest. Poldero goes on a new venture to gain profits learning that it will give a grand show of flames at the end of its life. He proceeds to age the bird unnaturally. He didn’t give it proper food, made it cold and put disagreeable birds and alley cats with it. He did all these because its natural environment was Arabia, a dry place. When he understood the phoenix was nearing death, he called the media to shoot the spectacular show of the bird’s death and rebirth. The bird died and was reborn in the flame but the greedy Poldero and viewers also died in the process. This story is a satire on the human desire to view strange things. The irony is that the crowd who came to see the end of the Phoenix faced their own death. Self-Check Questions 1 Consider The Phoenix as a satire on the human need to see strange things and disordering the natural phenomenon. 2. Bring out the irony in â€Å"The Phoenix†. 3. The story is a conflict between Man and self and Man and Nature. UNIT 2 OF WHITE HAIRS AND CRICKET – Rohinton Mistry Introduction to the Author Rohinton Mistry born on 3rd July 1952, is an Indian born Canadian writer in English. He belongs to the Parsi community. He published 11 short stories in the Penguin Books. He won the Governor General’s Award for his second novel Such a Long Journey. It also won the commonwealth writer prize for Best Book. His third book A fine Balance got the Giller Prize. His books picture the different aspects of Indian socioeconomic life and Parsi Zoroastrian life, customs and religion. Summary This story is taken from the collection ‘Swimming Lessons and other Stories’. It is a first person view through a 14-year old boy Kersi Boyce’s eye. It is a concern over age and mortality. Every Sunday morning Kersi has to pull the white hairs from his father’s head. He is looking for a job and wants to look young. He has been unemployed and is seeking for one. The father, during this time goes through the classified advertisement for jobs. Kersi’s grandmother Mamaiji has had her cataract surgery and is supposed to be taking rest. But she insists on spinning thread. She winds the thread in a very experienced way. Kersi is fascinated by this. Kersi’s father declares a certain ad promising and wants the boy to pluck every white hair. Mamaiji always disagrees with him saying that the boy is underfed. It is now that the father says that the ad will end their troubles. Kersi’s mother always speaks optimistically but this day she keeps silent. At the end mother asks him to forget planning and leave things to God. Kersi gets sick of pulling out the white hair. He goes into the compound and finds Dr. Sidhwa visiting Viraj’s house. Kersi sees his best friend Viraf and greets him. He waits for a bit and then goes and speaks to Viraf. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 29 Kersi finds his friend very much upset. He understands that his friend’s father is ill. Kersi goes to see the sick person. He is in bed, needles sticking out of him. Now he thinks about his father. He is also mortal. He understands that his father is growing old. He remembers how his father used to take him and his brother out for playing. Now his father does not do that. Kersi thinks of the white hairs on his father’s head. It is growing more and more. This makes him realize that his father is growing old. He returns and wants to pluck out the white hairs in his father’s head, to stop him growing old. But his ego stops him. He wants his father to ask him first. He doesn’t ask his father, instead goes to his room and cries. The thought of death comes to him when he sees Viraf’s father’s end. Many things give him the thought of mortality, growing up and death. They are the loss of childhood, cricket matches, and the increasing weakness of Mamaiji and the father’s vain hope of getting a new job. The story stresses on the fact that death and aging are envitable. Self-check Questions 1. Bring out the plot in the story. 2. Give the character sketch of Kersi and his Dad. 3. How is the inevitability of aging shown through the story? 4. What role oes Viraf’s father play in the story? UNIT 3 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLS – O. Henry Introduction to the author William Sydney Porter (1862-1910) was known by his pen name O. Henry. He was an American writer. His stories are known for their clever twisty endings. His most energetic period of writing started in 1902. His stories are set i n the earl 20th century. His famous stories are The Cop and the Anthem, The Clarion Call, The Last Leaf, The Gift of the Magi, A Retrieved Reformation, The Ransom of Red Chief etc.. Summary Old Jerome Warren was rich and lived in a hundred-thousand dollar house at 35, East Fifty Soforth Street. He was a down-town broker. He adopted his old friend’s son named Gilbert. He was a well-known painter. Old Jerome had a stepniece also, Barbara Ross. Old Jerome had no family of his own. He always took up the burdens of others. Gilbert and Barbara went on friendly. There was an understanding between the two. They instructed the minister to keep old Jerome’s money in a state of confusion. Thirty years before, there was a brother of Jerome named Dick who went to the west to seek his fortune. Nothing was heard of him until one day old Jerome got a letter from Dick. Dick was in trouble and had become a drunkard! All, that his thirty years of prospecting had gained him was one daughter. She was nineteen years old. Dick sent her by ship. He prepaid Jerome her charges to clothe, feed, educate, comfort and cherish for the rest of her natural life or until her marriage. Jerome met Neveda Warren at the station. She was an unsophisticated goodlooking little girl. Everyone was friendly towards her. But as usual a complication emerged between one man and two ladies. So upon the coming of Neveda, she and Gilbert and Barbara Ross formed a figurative triangle. One day a messenger – boy delivered a letter to Niveda. He waited for her reply. Before opening it, she knew it was from Gilbert. She asked old Jerome about Gilbert. She wanted him to read the letter Gilbert had just sent him. Jerome read it threeSchool of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 31 times. He told Neveda that Gilbert in his letter had asked whether Neveda and Barbara will be ready at four in the afternoon for an automobile drive over to Long island. Jerome found nothing wrong in his request and gave her permission to go. But he wanted her to give just a line of note to Gilbert in return. But Neveda didn’t give a reply in writing. But she said that she loved a ride in an automobile as she never had gone in one. After two months, Barbara was sitting alone in the study of the house. Old Jerome and Neveda had gone to the theatre. Barbara had a sealed letter in her hand. It was from Gilbert to Neveda. It had been delivered at nine after Neveda had left. She tried to read the lines of the letter by holding the envelope up to a strong light but she couldn’t. When Neveda returned and went to the study to Barbara, Barbara handed over the letter to her. Neveda was unbuttoning her elbow gloves. She asked Barbara whose letter it was. She was tugging at a button. Barbara guessed from the little gold palette at the corner of the envelope that it was Gilberts. When Barbara asked her to read and find out the contents of the letter. Neveda pretended as if she was had difficult in unbuttoning and wanted Barbara to read it. Out of curiosity Barbara readily read it. She told Neveda that it was Gilbert’s invitation to Neveda to go to his studio at twelve that night. Neveda went to Gilbert’s studio. Gilbert asked if she had read his letter. She told him that Barbara read it for her and she saw it later. Gilbert telephoned his old friend Jack Peyton and his sister saying that it was going to get married. He wanted her to show him the letter. They were going to have a drive. While he pretended putting on his raincoat, he asked Neveda to read the newspaper. It was then that she said she had never been to school and never learned to read or write. After their marriage Gilbert told Neveda what he had written in that letter. It was about some flowers, hydrangea and lilac. Barbara played the joke anyway. Self-check Questions 1. Character sketches of Gilbert, Barbara and Neveda 2. Bring out the suspense in the story. 3. How did Barbara act as a mediator of Gilbert and Neveda? 4. What incident culminated in the marriage of Gilbert and Neveda? 5. How did Barbara help them to get married? School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 32 UNIT 4 DIAMOND NECKLACE – Guy de Maupassant Introduction to the author Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) is a well known 19th century French novelist, short story writer and poet. He is regarded as one of the fathers of the modern short story. His stories have the special feature of economy of style and twist at the end. He wrote some 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books and one volume of verse. His masterpiece story is Ball of Fat. Summary Mathilde Loisel is â€Å"pretty and charming†. She always feels uncomfortable in being married to a lowly clerk in the Ministry of Education. She believes that she has been born into a family of unfavourable economic status. Mr. Loisel was able to provide her only with a humble life style. She feels sorry in having to live like this. She imagines a luxurious life. She dreams of the extravagant rooms and food. She does not possess any costly jewels or clothing. She always wishes for this. She never goes to her rich friend Madame Forestier since it would make her still unhappy thinking of her life. One day Mr. Loisel comes home from office with a special surprise. He is proud of it. It is an invitation to a formal party hosted by the Ministry of Education. Loisel thinks that Mathilde will be excited for getting a chance to attend such a party where many important people may come. She cries and tells him that she doesn’t have any good dress to wear. She tells him that a suitable dress may cost 400 francs. She buys a beautiful dress with it. Her next complaint was that she doesn’t have any jewels to wear. Mr. Loisel suggests of wearing flowers, but Mathilde refuses. He tells her to borrow one from her friend Madame Forestier. Mathilde does so. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 33 At the party she becomes the target of everyone’s attention. At 4 in the morning she goes home with Loisel in a cab. At home she shockingly realizes that she has lost the diamond necklace. They search everywhere but finally has to buy one to give as substitute. It costs 40000 francs. The jeweler gives it for 36000 francs. The Loisels begin to lead a life of poverty. It takes ten years to repay the debts. One Sunday she sees Madame Forestier. She cannot recognize Mathilde because she looks different. Mathilde says that the changes are because of Forestier and explain the 10 year life of strain. It is then that Forestiers tell that the diamond necklace Mathilde lost is not original but a fake one, an imitation of costume jewellery which cost nothing. Self-check Questions 1. Character sketch of Mathilde. 2. Character of Mr. Loisel 3. Role of the necklace in the life of the Loisel’s 4. How apt is the title to the story? 5. ‘’There is a deceptiveness of Appearance in the story’’. Refer closely to the text and justyify the statement. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 34 UNIT 5 MISS BRILL – Katherine Mansfield Introduction to the author Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) was a prominent modernist writer of short fiction. She was born and brought up in New Zealand. Her first published stories appeared in the High School Reporter. She was interested in the works of Oscar Wilde. Mansfield was recognized to be a great writer in the last years of her life. Most of her works remained unpublished at her death. It was Murry who did the editing and publishing work for her. She is considered to be one of the best short story writers of her age. Many of her works including Miss Brill, Prelude, and The Garden Party are famous The Dolls House and The Fly are well known. The Dolls House is made into a film. She died of tuberculosis. Summary Miss Brill has The Jardin Publiques in a French town as its setting. It is an early autumn Sunday afternoon. Miss Brill is a middle aged spinster. This character is revealed through her own thoughts. This is called the stream-ofconsciousness narration. The air is still and Miss Brill is happy to have worn her fur stole. The stole is like any other stoles as per the fashions of the times. It is made in such a way that its fake eyes and nose can be connected to its tail. This will help the wearer to have it secured around the neck. She prepares to go for her usual Sunday stroll to the park. She brushes the fur so that she feels that life has come back into its dim eyes. Miss Brill is happy to be in the park and watches the people. The sound of the bands seem to be louder and happier for her than it has been on previous Sundays. She sits in her special seat with two others sitting nearby-an old man and woman. They did not speak. Miss Brill always expects to listen to talks. So she is disappointed at this. The old couple left after sometime. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 35 She remembers the previous Sunday. An Englishman and his wife are having a talk over the selection of spectacles for the lady. Miss Brill feels that nearly all of the people coming Sunday after Sunday are the same. There is something funny about them. Two young girls come by and two young soldiers meet them. They pair and go-off arm-in-arm. Two peasant women pass with donkeys. A cold, pale nun hurries by. A beautiful woman comes along and drops a bunch of violets. A little boy hands it to her. She taintes of the old invalid gentleman to whom she reads the newspaper four afternoons a week while he sleeps in the garden. By this time the band has been having rest. Now they start again. Just at this time a boy and girl comes and sits down where the old couple has been. They are in love. Miss Brill’s happy mood is shattered by the ridiculous comments made by them. She returns to her tiny apartments and places her fur back in its box. She imagines that she hears its crying. Self-check Questions 1. How is Miss Brill revealed through her thoughts? 2. What is the role of the stolen fur in her life? 3. What are the usual things that Miss Brill came to notice in the park? School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 36 UNIT 6 MISERY – Anton Chekhov Introduction to the Author Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904) was a Russian physician, dramatist and above all the greatest writer of short stories. He first wrote stories for financial gain. Later his artistic desire grew and he made novel changes which have influenced the evolution of modern short story. He died of Tuberculosis. Chekhov’s works have been translated into many languages. Summary The story opens with the wet snowy evening in a Petersburg street. The street has just been lighted. Iona Potapov is a sledge driver. He sits on the box without getting a fare. His mare is covered with the falling snow and it is also motionless. It’s a long time since Iona has gone driving with a passenger. It is then that an officer in a military overcoat with a hood over his head came to the sledge. He orders Iona to take him to Vyborgskaya. Iona begins to make his drive but all through the journey, the officer scolds him for driving improperly. Iona was so much depressed since he has lost his son. His son died that week after suffering from fever. He laid three days in the hospital and then died. On their way, another coachman swears at Iona, a pedestrian crossing the road brushes the horses’ nose with his shoulder. He looks angrily at Iona. Iona looks at the officer and begins to say something. It is about his son’s death. He wants to share his sorrow with someone. The officer is unwilling to listen to his sorrows. Finally they reach the destination. After sometime, three young men-two tall and thin, one short and hunchbacked, come up railing and shouting at eachother. They get into the sledge and demand Iona to take them to the Police Bridge. Inside the sledge they quarrel for the seats. Using bad language, they abuse each other. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 37 Again Iona tries to tell about his son’s death but the three are not ready to listen to him. They just mocked at him. Ion’s misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If his heart is to burst and his misery to flow out, it will flood the whole world. The three get down at their destination paying twenty kopecks. They disappear into a dark passage. Then he sees a house-porter with a parcel. This man also is not in a state to listen to him. Iona can bear his sorrow no longer. He goes back to his place of residence. There also he finds no one to listen to his sorrow. He wants to talk of his son’s death, the funeral and went to the hospital to get his son’s clothes. Iona still has a daughter Anisya. Finally he goes to the stables where his mare is standing. There he talks to his mare all his sorrow. He asks his mare to imagine herself to be a mother thinking of her colt that died. The little mare just goes on munching. Self-check Questions 1. Give a character sketch of Iona. 2. How are his different passengers responding to his grief? 3. How did his mare become his silent listener?

5 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations

5 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations Being able to balance chemical equations is a vital skill for chemistry. Heres a look at the steps involved in balancing equations, plus a worked example of how to balance an equation. Steps of Balancing a Chemical Equation Identify each element found in the equation. The number of atoms of each type of atom must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.What is the net charge on each side of the equation? The net charge must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.If possible, start with an element found in one compound on each side of the equation. Change the coefficients (the numbers in front of the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of the element is the same on each side of the equation. Remember, to balance an equation, you change the coefficients, not the subscripts in the formulas.Once you have balanced one element, do the same thing with another element. Proceed until all elements have been balanced. Its easiest to leave elements found in pure form for last.Check your work to make certain the charge on both sides of the equation is also balanced. Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation ? CH4 ? O2 → ? CO2 ? H2O Identify the elements in the equation: C, H, OIdentify the net charge: no net charge, which makes this one easy! H is found in CH4 and H2O, so its a good starting element.You have 4 H in CH4 yet only 2 H in H2O, so you need to double the coefficient of H2O to balance H.1 CH4 ? O2 → ? CO2 2 H2OLooking at carbon, you can see that CH4 and CO2 must have the same coefficient.1 CH4 ? O2 → 1 CO2 2 H2OFinally, determine the O coefficient. You can see you need to double the O2 coefficient in order to get 4 O seen on the product side of the reaction.1 CH4 2 O2 → 1 CO2 2 H2OCheck your work. Its standard to drop a coefficient of 1, so the final balanced equation would be written:CH4 2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O Take a quiz to see if you understand how to balance simple chemical equations. How to Balance a Chemical Equation for a Redox Reaction Once you understand how to balance an equation in terms of mass, youre ready to learn how to balance an equation for both mass and charge. Reduction/oxidation or redox reactions and acid-base reactions often involve charged species. Balancing for charge means you have the same net charge on both the reactant and product side of the equation. This isnt always zero! Heres an example of how to balance the reaction between potassium permanganate and iodide ion in aqueous sulfuric acid to form potassium iodide and manganese(II) sulfate. This is a typical acid reaction. First, write the unbalanced chemical equation:KMnO4  Ã‚  KI  Ã‚  H2SO4  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  I2  Ã‚  MnSO4Write down the oxidation numbers for each type of atom on both sides of the equation:Left hand side: K 1; Mn 7; O -2; I 0; H 1; S 6Right hand side: I 0; Mn 2, S 6; O -2Find the atoms that experience a change in oxidation number:Mn: 7 → 2; I: 1 → 0Write a skeleton ionic equation that only covers the atoms that change oxidation number:MnO4- → Mn2I- → I2Balance all of the atoms besides the oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) in the half-reactions:MnO4- → Mn22I- → I2Now add O and H2O as needed to balance oxygen:MnO4- → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2Balance the hydrogen by adding H as needed:MnO4- 8H → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2Now, balance charge by adding electrons as needed. In this example, the first half-reaction has a charge of 7 on the left and 2 on the right. Add 5 electrons to the left to balance the charge. The second half-re action has 2- on the left and 0 on the right. Add 2 electrons to the right.MnO4- 8H 5e- → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2 2e- Multiply the two half-reactions by the number that yields the lowest common number of electrons in each half-reaction. For this example, the lowest multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 5:2 x [MnO4- 8H 5e- → Mn2 4H2O]5 x [2I- → I2 2e-]Add together the two half-reactions and cancel out species that appear on each side of the equation:2MnO4- 10I- 16H → 2Mn2 5I2 8H2O Now, its a good idea to check your work by making sure the atoms and charge are balanced: Left hand side:  2 Mn; 8 O; 10 I; 16 HRight hand side:  2 Mn; 10 I; 16 H; 8 O Left hand side:  Ã¢Ë†â€™2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  10  16  Ã‚  4Right hand side:  4

Popularity of Collegiate Women in Rugby in America Research Paper

Popularity of Collegiate Women in Rugby in America - Research Paper Example Stereotypically, women are expected to cheer lead or at the most play individual sport such as swimming or running track. Most people feel that women-designated sports are figure skating, tennis, and gymnastics. In the early years, sports for women were considered to be recreational rather that competitive considering that hey were informal and without any rules. A research done Griffin has showed the existence of sex role stereotypes. According to the research conducted on four children (two boys and two girls of different ages), there were variation in physical, sociological and psychological characteristics between the sexes. The research showed that the traits that are usually associated with male behavior are desired by both males and females. Griffins insisted in his research that just as there are behavioral traits associated with males and females, there are also activities classified as meant for females or male. One activity that is commonly associated with men is sports. Although females participate in athletics, their efforts are often rewarded with only a few positive results (Griffins, 513). In the article Sex in Education, A Fair Chance for Girls, Dr. Clark stated that women should reduce muscular and brain labor when they are on menstruation (Clarke, 100). Many women became interested in sports to remain physically fit and healthy.   Other females play sports to define their value and satisfy their ego.   There are also those who use sports as a means of liberation.   Women receive psychological satisfaction from staying physically fit, being a part of a team, and competing. It is not surprising that the intense the sport, the more satisfaction women receive. These women began to resist the notion of the weakness of the female body (Field). Women in sports are often misrepresented as being masculine, and may struggle with gender identities in acting out both feminine and masculine roles. Scholars have determined